Microphone

Types of microphones

The microphone is an input device that picks up sound and converts it into an electric signal. However, this instrument comes in various types designed to meet different needs.

All microphones consist of three main components: a diaphragm, a coil or capacitor, and a tube or elk that channels sound waves into the diaphragm. The sound waves hit the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating current through the coil or capacitor, thus transforming the sound into electric impulses. The type of diaphragm material used determines how the mic will function, and that is where different types of microphones are designed.

The various types of microphones include the dynamic type, the condenser, and the ribbon. Each microphone works differently and has unique characteristics even though all three types are usually called electrostatic transducers.

• Dynamic microphone: The dynamic microphone is usually referred to as a workhorse. It can handle high-pressure sound waves and is commonly found in recording vocals and instruments within the music industry. It can convert sound waves into electrical impulses for radio, phone, or television transmission and is predominantly used in live sound situations like concerts. Dynamic microphones have cardioid, hypercardioid, and supercardioid polar patterns.
• Condenser microphone: This type of microphone is more sensitive and can capture soft sounds. It is used in many home studios across the globe and has a broader frequency and transient response. This microphone is primarily used in studio recordings for vocals, acoustic guitars, and pianos. It can be handheld or have a microphone stand.
• Ribbon microphone: Ribbon microphones are velocity transducers that use a thin metal ribbon. It provides a figure-of-eight polar pattern and is very sensitive to side and rear voices. Ribbon microphones are gentle vintage tools for any voice or instrument, providing a smooth, warm tone. They are excellent for midrange, instrumental punk, or rock recordings.

Other microphone types include boundary, contact, handheld, lapel, liquid, long gun, loudspeaker, electret, and wireless microphones. Each microphone comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages and is built to perform various tasks.

Function & features of microphone

The microphone has several features that may differ based on its kinds. Here are some common features;

• Frequency range

  It refers to the number of frequencies a mic can capture. A microphone's frequency range is important because it determines the product's voice frequency range. Vocals and instruments use different frequency ranges. Vocals use 80Hz to 15 kHz, while instruments may use 20 Hz to 20kHz or even higher.

• Frequency response

  A microphone's frequency response character defines how it picks up or influences different frequencies. Mics have different frequency response patterns, which can be found in their chart. The pattern may differ depending on whether the singing is soft, loud, or instrumental.

• Output impedance

  The output impedance shows how much a product resists a signal. Low output impedance mics have balanced signals and can work with different devices. High output impedance microphones tend to have unbalanced signals and can only work with a few devices.

• Maximum SPL

  The maximum Sound Pressure Level (SPL) tells how loud the microphone can withstand or capture without breaking. Knowing a mic's maximum SPL is critical because instruments like drums, guitars, and saxophones make varying levels of sound pressure.

• Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

  The signal-to-noise ratio refers to the quantity of useful sound. It shows how less useful sound overlaps with more helpful sound. SNR can help identify quiet mics from the noisier ones. Professional microphones tend to have an SNR of 70dB or higher.

• Directionality

• Durability

  The durability of a microphone makes it efficient in various environments. It can withstand harsh treatment and is less likely to malfunction. Some microphones come with protective cases for added durability.

Uses of a microphone

The global microphone market is expected to grow, reaching over $10 billion by 2032. Various industries contribute to this growth, showing how important microphones are to technology and communication. The rising need for reliable audio recording and transmission systems drives market expansion around the world. Many businesses use microphones in their operations, from entertainment companies to security firms.

Different microphone models come with various features that cater to changing demands and preferences. These include mega phones and mini microphones. They all play unique roles in audio recording and communication.

Microphones help transform sound waves into electrical signals for amplification, recording, or broadcasting. They have numerous applications:

• Entertainment and Media: Microphones are essential tools for artists and performers. It assists musicians, broadcasters, podcasters, and voiceover actors in capturing their voices to create music, produce shows, or record audio.
• Communication: Telephones, intercoms, and public address systems all use microphones to enhance communication. They enable people to converse over long distances or convey messages to large audiences.
• Recording: Microphones still play a key role in sound recording for future playback. Amateur and professional audiophiles alike rely on microphones to record music, podcasts, speeches, interviews, or sound effects for film.
• Broadcasting: Television and radio studios use microphones to transmit audio content to listeners and viewers. Live events, news reports, talk shows, and other programming depend on high-quality microphones to capture the sound accurately.
• Voice Recognition and Amplification: Voice-activated devices, such as smart assistants, rely on microphones to receive commands. Furthermore, microphones amplify weak signals, making them audible, such as a singer using a mic.
• Research and Development: Microphones are helpful instruments for scientists and engineers working in many fields. They help researchers study sound waves, conduct acoustic measurements, test instruments, and monitor environmental noises.

How to Choose a Microphone

There's a lot to consider before choosing a bulk purchase of microphones. Knowing the basic differences between microphones can help buyers target specific customers and their audio needs. Furthermore, understanding the specific features and functions of various microphones can simplify the buying process.

• Consider Facilities: Think about the features of the venue or place the microphone will be used. Are there any facilities for sound amplification? Will there be any competition from external noise? For open, noisy areas, a directional microphone is best, while people will use an omnidirectional medium in a closed, quiet room.
• Think About the Audience: Consider how the audience will respond. Will they participate actively, or will the speaker or performer dominate? In a situation where the audience will participate actively, a lapel mic or headset mic might be best; if not, it is better to stick with handheld.
• Number of Speakers: There are two choices, either one that focuses on a particular speaker or one that can be shared among many speakers.
• Mobility: If it is essential for the microphone to move, it is better to choose a wired one; if already fixed, one can choose any.
• Frequency: If choosing a wireless microphone, users must remember that the microphone's frequency will interfere with other electronic devices in that range, such as FM radio stations, cell phone towers, and police scanners. Users must ensure the frequency is clear and permissible by law.
• Cost: With a wireless microphone, users will have to pay more for sound quality, range, and reliability. In the case of a given budget, users should choose a wire-over wireless and a hand over a lapel option.
• Sound Quality: When buying in bulk, consider who and what will be recorded. Buyers can get features like fidelity, frequency response, and cost, with higher-priced options offering more sound-quality features.
• Compatibility: Not just with intended use, but with existing systems, accessories, and infrastructure. Check if it will integrate well with audio equipment, recording devices, and amplification systems.
• Durability and Weather Resistance: Conference rooms and studios are different from outdoor and on-the-go environments. If users will use the microphone in rugged settings or outdoors, consider factors like build quality, weather resistance, and necessary protective accessories.
• Assess control needs: If there is a need to control settings during a presentation or performance, stick to mics with an easy-to-access control interface.
• Budget and Value Reach: Consider, too, the long-term costs of using a mic (including maintenance and repair costs).

Microphone Q&A

Q1 What is the most popular microphone?

A Shure SM58 is the most famous microphone globally. It is a dynamic cardioid mic that many singers and recording artists use. Its frequency response is tailored to vocals and provides excellent sound quality. Many people recognize this microphone and associate it with live performances, so it has become an industry standard.

Q2 What microphones support phantom power?

A.Microwave microphones do not need phantom power to function because, during a transmission, a battery inside the microphone powers the audio signal. Most condenser microphones require phantom power to boost the microphone for it to work.

Q3 What is a diaphragm in a microphone?

A diaphragm is a thin, flexible membrane inside a microphone that vibrates to convert sound waves into electrical signals. It is an essential component of a microphone that determines its sensitivity and frequency response.

Q4 What is the difference between a microphone and a headphone?

A microphone is an audio device used to capture sound waves and convert them into electrical signals, while a headphone is an audio output device worn on or over the ears to listen to sounds. Some headsets now come fitted with microphones enabling users to use voice commands or to communicate when using applications like Skype.

Q5 What is the difference between USB and XLR microphones?

XLR mics offer more flexibility, like changing the cable length or using adapters to connect to different devices. They are recommended if users want to take their microphone across long distances. XLR microphones have better sound quality because they have external audio interfaces that digitize the signal. They also have more options regarding features and price.