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Gray Hydrogen:
Gray hydrogen is produced through steam methane reforming, a process that uses natural gas (methane) and high-temperature steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Although this method of gray hydrogen production generates carbon dioxide as a byproduct, no effort is made to capture or store the carbon dioxide emissions. Gray hydrogen is relatively inexpensive compared to other methods and is primarily used in various industrial processes, such as petroleum refining and ammonia production. Because of its cost, gray hydrogen is often the foundation of hydrogen's expanding global economy. However, concerns about carbon emissions and climate change have prompted efforts to move beyond gray hydrogen toward greener production methods, such as blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, or turquoise hydrogen.
Blue Hydrogen:
Blue hydrogen is produced through a process called steam methane reforming, where high-temperature steam is reacted with methane or natural gas to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The main distinction between gray and blue hydrogen is the management of carbon emissions. While gray hydrogen releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without capture, blue hydrogen employs technology for carbon capture and storage. This technology traps and stores the carbon dioxide produced during hydrogen production, preventing it from entering the atmosphere. Thus, blue hydrogen helps mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Blue hydrogen is considered a transitional solution to cleaner energy sources because it provides low-carbon hydrogen for various industries.
Green Hydrogen:
Green hydrogen is produced through a process called electrolysis, where renewable electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. It is a clean and sustainable fuel created using renewable energy sources like solar power, wind power, hydropower, or geothermal energy. Because it does not produce any greenhouse gas emissions, green hydrogen significantly mitigates climate change. The production of green hydrogen does not involve any carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions. The renewable energy used to generate green hydrogen does not contribute to climate change.
Turquoise hydrogen:
Turquoise hydrogen is produced from methane through a process called methane pyrolysis, where methane is heated to high temperatures in a reaction without oxygen. This process breaks down methane into hydrogen and solid carbon. Unlike other hydrogen production methods, turquoise hydrogen does not produce carbon dioxide. Turquoise hydrogen is still being researched, but it has the potential to provide low-carbon and low-cost hydrogen for a clean energy future.
The hydrogen market in the Indonesian energy sector is growing due to the government's push for renewable sources. The market is expected to expand further as additional processing and downstream industries are developed.
The applications of hydrogen market in Indonesia encompass a range of industries where hydrogen plays a vital role either as an energy source or a fundamental component in manufacturing processes. As the country seeks to diversify its energy sources and reduce carbon emissions, the hydrogen market presents significant opportunities for growth and innovation. Some of the applications of hydrogen for Indonesia's market are mentioned below.
When choosing a hydrogen supplier or vendor for the Indonesian market, it's important to evaluate several factors in order to make an informed decision. Buyers should clearly define their hydrogen needs to determine the quantity, purity, and application, and arm themselves with this knowledge before engaging potential suppliers. Buyers should research vendors who supply hydrogen in the form that they need, and that will meet their specific requirements. This could be gaseous, liquid, or contained in chemical hydrides. If required, they should reach out to vendors for technical support or to discuss compatibility with their existing systems.
The next step is to shortlist vendors who have the capacity to meet specific hydrogen needs on a consistent basis. Buyers need to consider their logistics, location, and distribution channels in order to engage vendors who can efficiently deliver hydrogen. They should also ask about hydrogen production methods used by the vendor and ensure that they are aligned with their quality and sustainability standards. It is important to note that various hydrogen production processes are subject to different emissions profiles and environmental impacts, so buyers must be aware of this and ask the right questions to their suppliers.
Buyers should check the purity levels in hydrogen that are required for their application and ensure that potential vendors can meet those specifications. Different applications may need various purity levels. They need to evaluate the infrastructure for hydrogen storage and transportation, and assess whether the vendor can provide the required storage formats, such as cryogenic tanks, cylinders, or tube trailers.
To make an informed decision, buyers also need to monitor and compare prices, and explore funding options, and incentives for hydrogen projects. They should also assess the vendor's reputation and reliability by studying reviews, ratings, and customer references. They also must engage in ongoing discussions with potential suppliers to evaluate their responsiveness and support. It is important to consider whether the vendor can provide hydrogen in a timely and reliable manner and to follow up with any questions during the purchasing process. Buyers must stay updated on the regulatory framework for hydrogen in Indonesia to ensure that potential vendors comply with all legal requirements and possess the necessary permits and certifications.
Q: What is Indonesia's hydrogen policy?
A: Indonesia has a national energy policy to increase renewable energy utilization to 23% by 2025. The government recently announced plans to establish hydrogen production hubs and provide incentives for green hydrogen production.
Q: What is the role of hydrogen in Indonesia's energy transition?
A: Indonesia is focused on using hydrogen to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors, including industrial processes and transportation. Hydrogen may also be used to support the nation's electricity grid.
Q: Where will hydrogen be produced in Indonesia?
A: Indonesia could produce hydrogen in several regions based on the availability of renewable energy (solar, wind, and hydropower) and proximity to export ports. The government is exploring production in coastal areas with abundant natural resources, such as Sulawesi and the islands of Nusa Tenggara.
Q: Can hydrogen be exported from Indonesia?
A: Yes, Indonesia has plans to export hydrogen to neighboring countries and regions with high demand, such as Japan and South Korea. Hydrogen can be exported as ammonia or in liquid form using specialized carriers.
Q: What are the challenges in developing Indonesia's hydrogen market?
A: Key challenges include building hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, ensuring sufficient renewable energy supply, developing storage and transportation technologies, and creating a regulatory framework and incentives to attract investment.
