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3D printing is a process that uses a variety of materials to manufacture objects through additive manufacturing. Some of the most common materials that are used in 3D printing include the following:
Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics are the most common type of material used in 3D printing due to their ease of use in the process. Some common examples of thermoplastics used in 3D printing include ABS, PLA, PETG, Nylon, HIPS, and TPU. They are favored because of their availability, durability, low cost of production, and flexibility. They also have a high tolerance for temperature and can easily be reshaped through reheating.
Resins
Liquid resins are commonly used in SLA and DLP printers. These resins come in many types of formulations that have been modified to elicit specific characteristics such as flexibility, color, and opacity. Some common examples of these resins include photopolymer resins, such as standard resins, flexible resins, tough resins, and castable resins. Castable resins are used by jewelers and dental professionals to create high-precision metal casting molds.
Metal powders
Metal powders are commonly used in industrial-grade 3D printers, particularly for processes like SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) and DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering). These materials have usually been in a powdered form that is capable of being sintered or melted together layer by layer to create strong, functional metal parts. Some common examples include stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, cobalt, and bronze. They are suitable for manufacturing high-performance parts for industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical.
Composites
Composite materials combine a thermoplastic base with reinforcing fibers, such as carbon or glass strands. These materials are relatively new to the 3D printing world and are becoming increasingly popular due to their superior strength, stiffness, and lightweight properties. Some of the standard composites used in 3D printing include carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics, glass fiber reinforced filaments, and metal composites.
ABS and PLA filaments are two of the most commonly used materials in 3D printing. They are preferred because they have desirable qualities that suit different applications and preferences.
Some of the basic differences between ABS and PLA filament are outlined in the table below.
| Property | ABS filament | PLA filament |
|---|---|---|
| Material class | Petroleum-based thermoplastic | Corn-based bioplastic |
| East of printing | Moderate to difficult | Easy |
| Printing temperature | 210°C to 250°C | 180°C to 220°C |
| Strength and durability | Strong and impact-resistant | Less strong and somewhat brittle |
| Surface finish | Glossy finish with chemical acet smoothness | Matte finish |
| Heat resistance | High heat resistance | Low heat resistance |
| Print bed requirements | Heated bed required | Unheated bed possible |
| Applications | Tools, mechanical parts, and prototypes | Decorative items, prototypes, and educational models |
Prototyping
Both ABS and PLA filaments are commonly used for prototyping products in different industries. They are preferred because of their availability and low cost as compared to other materials. Other materials also may take a longer time to print because they are usually denser than PLA or ABS. They are commonly used in electronics, automotive parts, and consumer goods. Where complex designs and functional tests are necessary for the quick turnaround for expensive production runs. 3D printing with either ABS or PLA provides a fast and cost-effective way to validate designs before committing to manufacturing.
Toys and consumer products
ABS is known for its sturdiness and ability to withstand rough play, making it a suitable choice for producing toys that require high durability and toughness, such as 3d printer filament. ABS can be easily smoothed with chemicals like acetone, providing a polished finish. This can be used to improve the appearance and feel of toys. On the other hand, PLA is non-toxic and suitable for less demanding applications. It is also less heat resistant, which makes it more applicable during the design phase when prototypes need to be created quickly and safely.
Household items
ABS is often used for creating items like dishwasher-safe storage containers, and household appliances since they can easily withstand elevated temperatures and are very durable. Because PLA is biodegradable and emits less toxic fumes during printing, it is suitable for items like decorative pieces, planters, or custom parts for home repairs that do not require high heat resistance.
Engineering and outdoor applications
For applications requiring parts that can handle exposure to heat or are used outdoors, ABS is better suited because of its higher temperature resistance and impact strength. In contrast, PLA filaments are ideal for indoor applications or for items that are not likely to be exposed to heat, like architectural models or display parts.
Art and decorative items
PLA is commonly used in the production of artistic and decorative objects because it comes in a wide variety of colors and finishes. It is suitable for intricate designs as it is less prone to warping. ABS can also be used for art pieces, especially when smoothing techniques are applied, but its tendency to warp sometimes can be a disadvantage.
For buyers to effectively choose between different types of 3D printable craft materials, they will first consider the following:
End-use
The final application of the 3D printed object is a key consideration in choosing either filament. Filament should be chosen based on whether the object is meant for functional parts, aesthetic models, or engineering prototypes. For functional applications requiring durability and heat resistance, ABS filament is a more suitable option. For items intended for display, educational purposes, or any other indoor use, PLA filament is a better choice, particularly when working with intricate designs that require physical models.
Printing expertise
The skill level of the user should also be considered in the choice of filament. Users new to 3D printing are better off starting with PLA filament, which is easy to print and has forgiving properties. ABS filament requires more advanced techniques to achieve quality prints due to its propensity to warp and stronger odor.
Printer compatibility
Print bed adhesion and nozzle temperature requirements also need consideration. While PLA can often be printed with an unheated bed, ABS usually needs a heated bed set at a higher temperature. Before settling on one filament or the other, ensure that the 3D printer can accommodate the specific conditions necessary for printing with either material.
Environmental concerns
Since PLA filament is derived from renewable resources like corn starch, it is a more environmentally friendly option for users who want to reduce their carbon footprint. ABS filament is petroleum-based and non-biodegradable but offers more durability.
Material availability and cost
ABS and PLA filament are widely available. However, in some cases, one may be more readily available than the other, which affects material costs. Generally, both are similarly priced, but special variants, like high-temperature or low-warp PLA, may cost more. When considering user expertise and requirements, including the availability of potential filaments and their relative cost, users can make suitable choices when selecting between them.
A1: ABS filament is commonly used for creating functional parts, such as mechanical components, enclosures, and tools for prototypes, as well as toys and household items like phone cases, automotive parts, and piping.
A2: PLA filament is not typically recommended for outdoor use if exposure to sunlight or heat is expected, as it may degrade or lose its structural integrity when exposed to UV rays and high temperatures.
A3: PLA filament provides better detail and surface finish, making it ideal for artistic creations, intricate designs, or models that require precision. ABS may be used but often requires post-processing for smoother surfaces.
A4: Yes, a heated bed is usually necessary when printing with ABS filament to prevent warping and ensure better adhesion. An unheated bed is often suitable for PLA printing, although a heated bed can still improve PLA print quality.
A5: PLA filament is more environmentally friendly than ABS, as it is bioplastics made from renewable resources like corn starch, whereas ABS is petroleum-based and non-biodegradable.
